DIPLACUS ANALYSES IV

Population Dynamics in Diplacus

A New Kind of Analysis 

A New Kind of Analysis
When examining a biological system evolutionarily, one usually uses conventional selection-theoretical tools. The statement is, therefore, always related to this theory and is not physically objective. One must, therefore, start from the object and describe it as physically as possible. One has to build a tool from the ground up that makes physical statements possible in the first place. A phase space is an appropriate tool. In phase space, one can integrate all data of a living being, provided the data density is sufficiently compelling. The statement one makes with such a phase space is always an instantaneous probability state.

Example: 

A) A large number of color locations of the corollas (in the area of Fig. 1) of Diplacus puniceus, Diplacus australis, and the mixed forms are determined. However, the values per individual are measured only once, and no mean values are used.

B) With the help of the statistics program R, a phase plot is made.

C) In this phase space, a point cloud (yellow points) is visible, which is more or less dense.  The density per cuboid thus varies depending on the origin of the rennet measured values. Outside the point cloud, the density is almost zero. In the area around Y and R, the density is maximally high. Such places with maximum point density are now called attractors. The point cloud density decreases exponentially with distance from the attractors.

Thus, the relative maxima have already been found empirically. These points are extraordinary. By the way, the model can be extended to additional levels, provided the data density at each level is sufficiently high. (later)

The Color Phase Space

Fig. Stepwise Floral Color Shift along the Transect B1 ... B6

The figure shows the frequency distribution of color tones (Lab) in a Lab color space. Point A contains forms of the yellow-flowered Diplacus australis, and the red-flowering species Diplacus puniceus occupies Point B. Along an east-west section, 216 plant data from 6 populations were recorded. Striking is the frequency distribution, which decreases sharply with the distance to the respective maximum. Also, the paths we name trajectories must be identified. We call points A and B attractors. 

Figure 1A under Diplacus 1 shows a transect (B1 ... B6). - If one clicks on the right arrow in the graphic above, one will see the color distribution (light green) beginning with B1 yellow and ending with B6 red, spatially distributed. A temporal change of a transitive population at one site looks, by the way, very similar. However, this takes 15 to 20 years to complete.

Stepwise Floral Character shift along the Transect B1 ... B6.

Combining the lab phase space with the space of three additional variable flower characteristics yields an informative distribution.  The flower characteristics change gradually from the yellow to the red form (swipe or enlarge).

Discussion

The present form of representation in a phase space of extensive data packets, now in connection with transect plants, clearly brings a leap in quality. The data are presented more precisely and objectively, the results can be readily displayed graphically, and you can also standardize (for example, point frequency). Besides, the phase space can be extended (e.g., for molecular genetic or genotypic data).

Modern colorimeters are very accurate; they are more reliable than the human eye's color perception. - It becomes immediately apparent that the color deviation from the mean value is minimal in an adapted population of red-flowered Diplacus puniceus. 
The phase space not only provides information about the total variance but also helps evaluate intermediate forms and reveals the dynamic changes in populations.
In the present case, the phase space does not support the hybridization hypothesis.  It seems much more probable that one form (yellow) is abandoned in favor of a red shape, and the new structure is gradually approached. It is evident that not only populations but also individuals participate in this process. At the unique point (attractor point), the form appears dynamically stable, whereas it is not outside this point.

Dynamics I

Data from 6 populations situated along a W-E transect (60 km) from red to yellow morphs were sampled in 2012, 2017 & 2022. In between stages, build up a cloud (orange colored dots) denser in 2012 than in 2017, and fades slowly out in 2022. 

 
Interpretation:
• A slow transition dynamics is indicated here, but seems to end between 2017 and 2022. There is hardly any transition zone over the whole range. However, the local transition can still be seen in multiple places. 

About the Diplacus planted on roadside verges:
Diplacus longiflorus plants South of Ortega Hwy (74) can spontaneously transform into puniceus-like forms in 20 years.

Roadside Diplaus longiflorus plants tend to shift in color and shape over time (~20 yrs).

Dynamics II

By monitoring two populations of color reads of its flowers during > 15 years, the single color read (L, a, b) in each case approaches point ⋀2. The distance between the mean color read (dark grey bubble) and ⋀2 tends to minimize if the monitoring period is just long enough. The endpoint ⋀2 of transition is approximately the same value, unseen of its transect, population or individual plant origin.

Dynamics III

Transgenerational inheritance means that these two individuals (T27 & T30) were self-pollinated three times in different years, and the variety of the offspring individuals (N=36) was plotted in the L*a*b phase space. - Also, here one gets an accumulation of red dots, finally at ⋀2 in both cases.

T27 and T30 plants are in transition.

This is T27, photographed in three different transitional stages 

Dynamics IV

What is epi-Mendelian inheritance?

The Mendelian inheritance is known and can be applied to the two morphs. Crossing a yellow-flowering and a red-flowering Morph of Diplacus gives the F1 generation uniform orange flowers. Inbred lines of F1 segregate in the F2 generation. One can cross F1 plants either with the yellow or the red morph. Both parental morphs are self-compatible and cross-fertile. So far, so good. The different resulting morphs (F1, F2, F1xY, F1xR) are all stable in time. 

In nature, however, within a broad transition zone, morphs can be observed that are temporally unstable and change their (epi-) genetic information in a time-dependent manner. Starting from the yellow morph (green arrow), they gradually turn into an orange morph, then a red one. When inbred lines are performed from transitive stages every fifth year, one gets descendants that vary more or less depending on the duration of the transition. The distribution of the variation is very similar to the Mendelian distribution(grey boxplots). We call this process epi-Mendelian inheritance. At the end stage (after 15-20 years), a final form with homozygous red morphs is reached. 

To apply Mendel's laws, however, one always starts from two closely related parent forms (red arrows). 

The time-based epi-Mendelian process leads to evolution solely by the acquisition of genetic information (gain of genetic information).

Conclusions:

1) In the long run, every single yellow plant of Diplacus australis within an active transition zone reaches the  ⋀2-color tone that is finally a darker red (a=53; b=33; L=43).

2) The acquired new state is stored genetically somehow in the plant tissue cells.

3) Charles Darwin's concept of speciation by natural selection is 160 years old and will soon be obsolete, and should be replaced by a physical model. Explaining evolution by variation and selection alone is a nuisance today, in which every smallest molecule can be studied. Of course, only the analytic approach is wrong - the survival of the fittest, if one means the optimized form, is correct, but the underlying mechanisms are a nineteenth-century fantasy emanating from embarrassment. Otherwise, one would have to recognize God as the Creator. One did not want that anymore. With a little effort, however, one can find a better physical theory that is good enough.

In addition, the selection theory or hypothesis can be elegantly falsified by the above findings, as a generation change is not required. It works without it! But that was an elementary condition for Darwin's theory.

Excellent LAB-Color Space of over
Two thousand scanned floral tissues

(Mathematics).

AllDiplBubble.cdf (258.28KB)

AllDiplBubble.cdf (258.28KB)