**Quantum Somatic Mutation Hypothesis** ( Early DRAFT)

According to the Quantum Biological Information Theory (2016), it is relevant for explaining quantum evolution at both the cellular and genome levels.

The second law of thermodynamics can be written as follows:

∆S = ∆Ssystem + ∆Senvironment  > 0

Even though the "∆Ssystem" is always negative due to increased orders.

This means that biological systems exist at energetically saddle-point states and are therefore more stable than their surroundings.

According to Schrödinger, in the aperiodic crystal later known as DNA, quantum jumps realize the principle of "order from disorder" and produce a more ordered, and therefore more functional, DNA.

Recent evidence suggests that quantum mechanics is relevant to photosynthesis, magnetoreception, enzymatic catalysis, olfactory reception, photoreception, genetics, electron transfer in proteins, and evolution. 

The DNA proofreading and repair mechanisms are weak error-correction mechanisms, far from the biological channel capacity produced by quantum mechanics.

Quantum Information Process (QIP)

QIP has the following fundamentals:

1) A quantum bit has the ability to exist in all linear combinations between 0 and 1.

2) Large quantum operations can be performed in parallel.

3)  Entanglement (Verschränkung) of two quantum objects, even when well separated.

Strand slippage (polymerase slippage) is also believed to be a quantum-mechanical phenomenon, as observed in short tandem repeat variation. In mitosis, it can lead to somatic mosaicism. In meiosis, it can lead to crossover.

Possible events

There is a coupling between DNA polymerase III and RNA polymerase II. Imagine that both encounter the short tandem repeat (STR) of the R2R3MYB gene simultaneously during their replication or transcription activities. RNA polymerase II faces significant challenges outside the plant's body, imposing demanding constraints. This scenario triggers a quantum burst— a quantum tunneling of activity — that affects nearby proteins, such as DNA polymerase III. As a result, DNA polymerase III may alter the STR by adding or deleting one or two nucleotide repeats in a specific direction.

These mutations are no longer random; they are "vectorized." They tend to follow the exact directional change for a specific period until the string length reaches a threshold. This dynamic may shift the activity of the R2R3MYB gene toward a more active or less active state. This phenomenon may apply to all MYB factors across the entire plant kingdom, highlighting their fundamental importance.
RNA polymerase II may influence DNA polymerases I and III via quantum shock, when applicable, leading to vectorized somatic mutations. Just before mitosis, DNA replication** occurs. During this process, all short tandem repeats (STRs) are reset, and a quantum decision assigns new length values to each STR. If no significant changes occur between two

 
* The Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger suggested in his 1944 book *What Is Life?* that quantum mechanics could play a role in living systems since they behave somewhat differently from inanimate matter. See: ESchrödinger
** If one googles this question with AI, one gets:
DNA replication is generally highly accurate; however, fidelity varies across genomic regions, including introns and short tandem repeats (STRs), which are more error-prone due to their repetitive nature. These errors can arise from a DNA polymerase's inability to maintain base pairing or incorporate the correct nucleotide. While high fidelity is primarily attributed to enzymatic mechanisms such as proofreading and mismatch repair, some research suggests that quantum mechanical processes, specifically the quantum tunneling of protons, could contribute to the formation of mutagenic tautomers (alternative forms of bases), potentially influencing replication fidelity at the quantum level.
Introns are non-coding regions within genes, and Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are highly repetitive sequences of DNA. Both regions are more susceptible to DNA slippage and subsequent insertion/deletion mutations during replication.
We believe this assumption may be incorrect. Quantum mechanics actively influences the information found in genomic DNA.
We need comprehensive whole-genome sequencing of Diplacus and Antirrhinum variants in transition to provide evidence for this.

Identifying flowering plant species with somatic mutations in transcription factors within introns of STRs using SMRT sequencing.

> Antirrhinum hispanicum ROS1 intron STRs
> Aquilegia vulgaris MYB17 intron STRs
> Aquilegia coerula MYB12 intron STRs
> A. kanadensis MYB12 intron STRs
> Arabidopsis thaliana PAP1 intron STRs
> Boechera divaricata PAP1 intron STRs

> Diplacus puniceus red ecotype R2R3MYB2 intron STRs
> Diplacus australis y ecotype R2R3MYB2 intron STRs
> Erythranthe nasuta PAP1 intron STRs
> E. guttatus MYB113 intron STRs
> E. laciniata MYB90 intron STRs
> Fragaria x anannassa MYB10 intron STRs
> F. vesca MYB10 intron STRs
> F. moschata MYB10 intron STRs

> Misopates orontium ROS1 intron STRs
> Penstemon eatonii ROS2 intron STRs
> Primula vulgaris MYB1 intron STRs
> Prunus avium MYB10 intron STRs
> Vitis vinifera MYBA1 intron STRs
February 1st 2026

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