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The distribution of Primula elatior/veris in the Swiss Prealps rapidly changed within 25 years only. The more drought-adapted P. veris gains priority over P. elatior, which likes more moist meadows. P. elatior can go through a transition and become a P. veris-like habit.

Primula elatior mentioned here could also be P. veris subspecies columnea.

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This image shows the the color distribution of several Primula vulgaris varieties in an L*a*b color space.

Primula vulgaris variants exhibit a wide range of petal coloration, from yellow to white to red to different shades of pink and blue.

See: Flower Pigmentation in Primula vulgaris

This work reveals that transcription changes influence physiological characteristics, and biochemistry characteristics, and subsequently results in different flower coloration in P. vulgaris.

This study offers insight into the numerous aspects of the real-time evolution of the semi-wood monkeyflowers (Diplacus) and other higher plant complex systems.

 key words: Diplacus; real-time evolution; hybrid zone - transition zone - long term monitoring Silene; Snapdragon; Primula; Ipomopsis; Aquilegia